Identify the Family to Which the Compound (a) Belongs.

Lexeme that consists of more than than 1 stalk

In linguistics, a chemical compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or sign) that consists of more than one stalk. Compounding, limerick or nominal composition is the process of word formation that creates compound lexemes. Compounding occurs when two or more than words or signs are joined to brand a longer word or sign. A compound that uses a space rather than a hyphen or concatenation is chosen an open compound or a spaced compound; the culling is a closed compound.

The meaning of the compound may be similar to or different from the meaning of its components in isolation. The component stems of a chemical compound may be of the same part of spoken communication—as in the case of the English language word footpath, composed of the two nouns foot and path—or they may belong to dissimilar parts of speech communication, as in the case of the English word blackbird, composed of the describing word blackness and the noun bird. With very few exceptions, English language compound words are stressed on their get-go component stem.

As a member of the Germanic family of languages, English is unusual in that fifty-fifty simple compounds made since the 18th century tend to be written in separate parts. This would be an error in other Germanic languages such equally Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, German and Dutch. However, this is merely an orthographic convention: As in other Germanic languages, arbitrary noun phrases, for example "daughter scout troop", "metropolis council member", and "cellar door", tin exist fabricated upwardly on the spot and used as compound nouns in English too.

The process occurs readily in all Germanic languages for different reasons. Words tin be concatenated both to mean the aforementioned as the sum of two words (e.g. Pressekonferenz—German for press conference) or where an adjective and noun are compounded (e.chiliad. hvidvinsglas—Danish for white wine glass). This can create a plethora of big, but valid words in these languages, by compounding compound words with several more.

The addition of affix morphemes to words (such as suffixes or prefixes, every bit in employ → employment) should not exist confused with nominal composition, as this is actually morphological derivation.

Some languages easily form compounds from what in other languages would be a multi-discussion expression. This tin can result in unusually long words, a phenomenon known in German (which is 1 such language) as Bandwurmwörter or tapeworm words.

Sign languages also have compounds. They are created past combining 2 or more sign stems.

So-chosen "classical compounds" are compounds derived from classical Latin or ancient Greek roots.

Formation of compounds [edit]

Compound formation rules vary widely across language types.

In a synthetic language, the relationship betwixt the elements of a compound may be marked with a case or other morpheme. For example, the High german chemical compound Kapitänspatent consists of the lexemes Kapitän (sea helm) and Patent (license) joined by an -south- (originally a genitive case suffix); and similarly, the Latin lexeme paterfamilias contains the primitive genitive grade familias of the lexeme familia (family). Conversely, in the Hebrew language compound, the word בֵּית סֵפֶר bet sefer (school), it is the head that is modified: the compound literally means "house-of book", with בַּיִת bayit (business firm) having entered the construct state to go בֵּית bet (house-of). This latter pattern is mutual throughout the Semitic languages, though in some it is combined with an explicit genitive case, so that both parts of the compound are marked (e.g. Arabic عبد الله ʕabdu ʔal-lāhi "servant-of-God").

Agglutinative languages tend to create very long words with derivational morphemes. Compounds may or may not require the use of derivational morphemes also. In German, extremely extendable compound words can be found in the language of chemical compounds, where, in the cases of biochemistry and polymers, they can exist practically unlimited in length, mostly because the German rule suggests combining all noun adjuncts with the noun every bit the last stem. German examples include Farbfernsehgerät (color tv set ready), Funkfernbedienung (radio remote command), and the oftentimes quoted jocular word Donaudampfschifffahrtsgesellschaftskapitänsmütze (originally just two Fs, Danube-Steamboat-Aircraft Visitor captain['s] hat), which tin of grade be made even longer and even more absurd, e.g. Donaudampfschifffahrtsgesellschaftskapitänsmützenreinigungsausschreibungsverordnungsdiskussionsanfang ("offset of the discussion of a regulation on tendering of Danube steamboat shipping company captain hats") etc. According to several editions of the Guinness Volume of World Records, the longest published German word has 79 letters and is Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft ("Association for Subordinate Officials of the Main Electric[ity] Maintenance Building of the Danube Steam Shipping"), only there is no evidence that this association ever actually existed.

In Finnish, although in that location is theoretically no limit to the length of compound words, words consisting of more than than 3 components are rare. Even those with fewer than three components can wait mysterious^{[ clarification needed ]} to non-Finnish speakers, such every bit hätäuloskäynti (emergency exit). Internet folklore sometimes suggests that lentokonesuihkuturbiinimoottoriapumekaanikkoaliupseerioppilas (Airplane jet turbine engine auxiliary mechanic non-commissioned officer pupil) is the longest word in Finnish, simply evidence of it actually being used is scant and anecdotal at best.^[1]

Compounds tin be rather long when translating technical documents from English to another linguistic communication, since the lengths of the words are theoretically unlimited, especially in chemical terminology. For instance, when translating an English language technical certificate to Swedish, the term "Move estimation search range settings" can be straight translated to rörelseuppskattningssökintervallsinställningar , though in reality, the word would most probable exist divided in two: sökintervallsinställningar för rörelseuppskattning – "search range settings for movement estimation".

Subclasses [edit]

Semantic classification [edit]

A common semantic classification of compounds yields four types:

endocentric
exocentric
copulative
appositional

An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole chemical compound, and modifiers, which restrict this pregnant. For instance, the English language compound doghouse, where house is the head and canis familiaris is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog. Endocentric compounds tend to exist of the same part of speech (word grade) as their caput, every bit in the case of doghouse. (Such compounds were chosen tatpuruṣa in the Sanskrit tradition.)

An exocentric chemical compound (called a bahuvrihi compound in the Sanskrit tradition) is a hyponym of some unexpressed semantic category (such as a person, plant, or animal): none (neither) of its components can be perceived every bit a formal head, and its meaning oftentimes cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent parts. For example, the English language chemical compound white-collar is neither a kind of collar nor a white thing. In an exocentric chemical compound, the word class is determined lexically, disregarding the grade of the constituents. For example, a must-have is not a verb only a noun. The meaning of this type of chemical compound tin can be glossed equally "(one) whose B is A", where B is the second element of the compound and A the kickoff. A bahuvrihi compound is 1 whose nature is expressed by neither of the words: thus a white-collar person is neither white nor a collar (the neckband's color is a metonym for socioeconomic status). Other English language examples include barefoot.

Copulative compounds are compounds with two semantic heads.

Appositional compounds are lexemes that accept two (contrary) attributes that classify the compound.

Type	Description	Examples
endocentric	A+B denotes a special kind of B	darkroom, smalltalk
exocentric	A+B denotes a special kind of an unexpressed semantic caput	redhead, scarecrow
copulative	A+B denotes 'the sum' of what A and B announce	bittersweet, sleepwalk
appositional	A and B provide dissimilar descriptions for the same referent	hunter-gatherer, maidservant

Syntactic classification [edit]

Substantive–noun compounds [edit]

All natural languages have chemical compound nouns. The positioning of the words (i.e. the most common society of constituents in phrases where nouns are modified by adjectives, past possessors, by other nouns, etc.) varies according to the language. While Germanic languages, for example, are left-branching when it comes to noun phrases (the modifiers come before the head), the Romance languages are normally right-branching.

In French, compound nouns are oftentimes formed past left-manus heads with prepositional components inserted earlier the modifier, as in chemin-de-fer 'railway', lit. 'road of atomic number 26', and moulin à vent 'windmill', lit. 'mill (that works)-by-means-of current of air'.

In Turkish, one style of forming compound nouns is every bit follows: yeldeğirmeni 'windmill' (yel: wind, değirmen-i: mill-possessive); demiryolu 'railway' (demir: atomic number 26, yol-u: road-possessive).

Occasionally, two synonymous nouns can form a chemical compound noun, resulting in a tautology. One example is the English give-and-take pathway.

Verb–noun compounds [edit]

A type of compound that is fairly common in the Indo-European languages is formed of a verb and its object, and in effect transforms a simple exact clause into a noun.

In Castilian, for example, such compounds consist of a verb conjugated for the 2d person singular imperative followed by a noun (singular or plural): eastward.g., rascacielos (modelled on "skyscraper", lit. 'scratch skies'), sacacorchos 'corkscrew' (lit. 'pull corks'), guardarropa 'wardrobe' (lit. 'store clothes'). These compounds are formally changeless in the plural (but in many cases they take been reanalyzed as plural forms, and a singular form has appeared). French and Italian have these aforementioned compounds with the noun in the atypical class: Italian grattacielo 'skyscraper', French grille-pain 'toaster' (lit. 'toast bread').

This structure exists in English language, more often than not with the verb and noun both in uninflected class: examples are spoilsport, killjoy, breakfast, cutthroat, pickpocket, dreadnought, and know-nada.

Likewise common in English is another type of verb–noun (or noun–verb) compound, in which an argument of the verb is incorporated into the verb, which is and so normally turned into a gerund, such equally breastfeeding, finger-pointing, etc. The noun is oft an instrumental complement. From these gerunds new verbs tin can be fabricated: (a mother) breastfeeds (a child) and from them new compounds mother-child breastfeeding, etc.

Verb-substantive compounds derived from classical languages tend to be nouns; rarely, a verb-noun classical compound can be a verb. I example is miscegenate, a word that literally falls into disuse nowadays, which is derived from a Latin verb and a Latin noun. In the Australian Aboriginal language Jingulu, a Pama–Nyungan language, information technology is claimed that all verbs are V+Due north compounds, such as "do a sleep", or "run a swoop", and the language has but three basic verbs: do, brand, and run.^[2]

A special kind of compounding is incorporation, of which noun incorporation into a verbal root (as in English language backstabbing, breastfeed, etc.) is most prevalent (see below).

Verb–verb compounds [edit]

Verb–verb compounds are sequences of more than one verb acting together to determine clause structure. They have two types:

In a serial verb, ii actions, often sequential, are expressed in a unmarried clause. For example, Ewe trɔ dzo , lit. "turn leave", means "plough and go out", and Hindi जाकर देखो jā-kar dekh-o, lit. "become-CONJUNCTIVE PARTICIPLE see-IMPERATIVE", ways "go and see". In Tamil, a Dravidian language, van̪t̪u paːr, lit. "come see". In each instance, the two verbs together determine the semantics and statement structure.

Serial verb expressions in English language may include What did you lot get and do that for?, or He just upped and left; this is however not quite a true compound since they are connected by a conjunction and the second missing arguments may be taken as a case of ellipsis.

In a compound verb (or complex predicate), one of the verbs is the primary, and determines the primary semantics and too the argument structure. The secondary verb, often called a vector verb or explicator, provides fine distinctions, unremarkably in temporality or aspect, and likewise carries the inflection (tense and/or agreement markers). The main verb usually appears in conjunctive participial (sometimes zero) form. For examples, Hindi निकल गया nikal gayā, lit. "exit went", means 'went out', while निकल पड़ा nikal paRā, lit. "exit cruel", means 'departed' or 'was blurted out'. In these examples निकल nikal is the chief verb, and गया gayā and पड़ा paRā are the vector verbs. Similarly, in both English offset reading and Japanese 読み始める yomihajimeru "read-CONJUNCTIVE-start" "start reading," the vector verbs starting time and 始める hajimeru "beginning" change co-ordinate to tense, negation, and the like, while the primary verbs reading and 読み yomi "reading" normally remain the same. An exception to this is the passive voice, in which both English and Japanese modify the master verb, i.e. get-go to exist read and 読まれ始める yomarehajimeru lit. "read-PASSIVE-(CONJUNCTIVE)-beginning" beginning to be read. With a few exceptions all compound verbs alternate with their unproblematic counterparts. That is, removing the vector does not affect grammaticality at all nor the meaning very much: निकला nikalā '(He) went out.' In a few languages both components of the compound verb can be finite forms: Kurukh kecc-ar ker-ar lit. "died-3pl went-3pl" '(They) died.'
Chemical compound verbs are very common in some languages, such as the northern Indo-Aryan languages Hindustani and Punjabi, and Dravidian languages like Tamil, where as many as twenty% of verb forms in running text are compound. They exist merely are less common in other Indo-Aryan languages similar Marathi and Nepali, in Tibeto-Burman languages like Limbu and Newari, in Turkic languages like Turkish and Kyrgyz, in Korean and Japanese, and in northeast Caucasian languages like Tsez and Avar.
Under the influence of a Quichua substrate speakers living in the Ecuadorian altiplano have innovated compound verbs in Castilian:

De rabia puso rompiendo la olla, 'In anger (he/she) smashed the pot.' (Lit. from anger put breaking the pot)

Botaremos matándote 'Nosotros will impale yous.' (Cf. Quichua huañuchi-shpa shitashun, lit. impale-CP throw.1plFut.

Likewise in Hindi: तेरे को मार डालेंगे tere ko mār DāleNge, lit. "nosotros will kill-throw yous").

Compound verb equivalents in English (examples from the internet):

What did you get and practise that for?

If you are non giving away free information on your web site and so a huge proportion of your business is merely upping and leaving.

Big Pig, she took and built herself a business firm out of brush.

Caution: In descriptions of Persian and other Iranian languages the term 'chemical compound verb' refers to substantive-plus-verb compounds, non to the verb–verb compounds discussed hither.

Parasynthetic compounds [edit]

Parasynthetic compounds are formed by a combination of compounding and derivation, with multiple lexical stems and a derivational affix. For example, English language black-eyed is composed of black, eye, and -ed 'having', with the significant 'having a black heart';^[3] Italian imbustare is composed of in- 'in', busta 'envelope', -are (verbal suffix), with the meaning 'to put into an envelope'.^[4]

Compound adpositions [edit]

Chemical compound prepositions formed by prepositions and nouns are mutual in English and the Romance languages (consider English on tiptop of, Spanish encima de, etc.). Hindi has a pocket-size number of unproblematic (i.e., one-word) postpositions and a large number of compound postpositions, more often than not consisting of unproblematic postposition ke followed by a specific postposition (e.chiliad., ke pas, "near"; ke nīche, "underneath").

Examples from dissimilar languages [edit]

Chinese (traditional/simplified Chinese; Standard Chinese Pinyin/Cantonese Jyutping):

學生/学生 'student': 學 xué/hok6 learn + 生 shēng/sang1 living being
太空/太空 'infinite': 太 tài/taai3 great + 空 kōng/hung1 emptiness
摩天樓/摩天楼 'skyscraper': 摩 mó/mo1 touch + 天 tiān/tin1 heaven + 樓 lóu/lau2 building (with more than i storey)
打印機/打印机 'printer': 打 dǎ/daa2 strike + 印 yìn/yan3 stamp/print + 機 jī/gei1 machine
百科全書/百科全书 'encyclopaedia': 百 bǎi/baak3 hundred + 科 kē/fo1 (branch of) report + 全 quán/cyun4 unabridged/complete + 書 shū/syu1 book
謝謝/谢谢 'cheers': Repeating of 謝 xiè thank

Dutch:

arbeidsongeschiktheidsverzekering 'disability insurance': arbeid 'labour' + ongeschiktheid 'inaptitude' + verzekering 'insurance'.
rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallatie 'sewage treatment plant': riool 'sewer' + water 'h2o' + zuivering 'cleaning' + installatie 'installation'.
verjaardagskalender 'birthday agenda': verjaardag 'birthday' + kalender 'calendar'.
klantenservicemedewerker 'customer service representative': klanten 'customers' + service 'service' + medewerker 'worker'.
universiteitsbibliotheek 'university library': universiteit 'academy' + bibliotheek 'library'.
doorgroeimogelijkheden 'possibilities for advancement': door 'through' + groei 'grow' + mogelijkheden 'possibilities'.

Finnish:

sanakirja 'dictionary': sana 'word' + kirja 'book'
tietokone 'computer': tieto 'knowledge data' + kone 'machine'
keskiviikko 'Wed': keski 'middle' + viikko 'week'
maailma 'world': maa 'state' + ilma 'air'
rautatieasema 'railway station': rauta 'atomic number 26' + necktie 'road' + asema 'station'
kolmivaihekilowattituntimittari 'electricity meter': 'iii-phase kilowatt hour meter'

Sewage-treatment-facility - The German language has many compounds

High german:

Wolkenkratzer 'skyscraper': Wolken 'clouds' + Kratzer 'scraper'
Eisenbahn 'railway': Eisen 'iron' + Bahn 'track'
Kraftfahrzeug 'auto': Kraft 'power' + fahren/fahr 'drive' + Zeug 'machinery'
Stacheldraht 'barbed wire': Stachel 'barb/barbed' + Draht 'wire'
Rinderkennzeichnungs- und Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz : literally cattle-marking- and beef-labeling-supervision-duties-delegation constabulary

Ancient Greek:

φιλόσοφος philosopher: φίλος phílos 'beloved' + σοφία sophíā 'wisdom'
δημοκρατία dēmokratíā 'democracy': δῆμος dêmos 'people' + κράτος 'rule'
ῥοδοδάκτυλος rhododáktylos 'rose-fingered': ῥόδον rhódon 'rose' + δάκτυλος dáktylos 'finger' (a Homeric epithet applied to the Dawn)

Icelandic:

járnbraut 'railway': járn 'atomic number 26' + braut 'path' or 'way'
farartæki 'vehicle': farar 'journey' + tæki 'appliance'
alfræðiorðabók 'encyclopedia': al 'everything' + fræði 'study' or 'knowledge' + orðabók 'dictionary' ( orða 'words' + bók 'book')
símtal 'telephone chat': sím 'telephone' + tal 'dialogue'

Italian:

millepiedi 'centipede': mille 'thousand' + piedi 'feet'
ferrovia 'railway': ferro 'iron' + via 'way'
tergicristallo 'windscreen wiper': tergere 'to launder' + cristallo 'crystal (pane of) glass'
pomodoro: pomo d'oro = apple of Gold = tomatoes
portacenere = porta cenere = ashtray

Japanese:

目覚まし（時計） mezamashi(dokei) 'alarm clock': 目 me 'eye' + 覚まし samashi (-zamashi) 'awakening (someone)' (+ 時計 tokei (-dokei) clock)
お好み焼き okonomiyaki: お好み okonomi 'preference' + 焼き yaki 'cooking'
日帰り higaeri 'day trip': 日 hullo 'day' + 帰り kaeri (-gaeri) 'returning (home)'
国会議事堂 kokkaigijidō 'national diet building': 国会 kokkai 'national nutrition' + 議事 giji 'proceedings' + 堂 dō 'hall'

Korean:

안팎 anpak 'inside and exterior': 안 an 'inside' + 밖 bak 'outside' (Every bit two nouns compound the consonant sound 'b' fortifies into 'p' becoming 안팎 anpak rather than 안밖 anbak )

Ojibwe/Anishinaabemowin:

mashkikiwaaboo 'tonic': mashkiki 'medicine' + waaboo 'liquid'
miskomin 'raspberry': misko 'scarlet' + miin 'berry'
dibik-giizis 'moon': dibik 'night' + giizis 'sun'
gichi-mookomaan 'white person/American': gichi 'large' + mookomaan 'knife'

Spanish:

ciencia-ficción 'scientific discipline fiction': ciencia , 'science', + ficción , 'fiction' (This word is a calque from the English expression science fiction. In English, the head of a compound word is the last morpheme: science fiction. Conversely, the Spanish head is located at the front, then ciencia ficción sounds similar a kind of fictional science rather than scientific fiction.)
ciempiés 'centipede': cien 'hundred' + pies 'anxiety'
ferrocarril 'railway': ferro 'fe' + carril 'lane'
paraguas 'umbrella': para 'stops' + aguas '(the) water'
cabizbajo 'keeping the caput low in a bad mood': cabeza 'head' + bajo 'downward'
subibaja 'seesaw' (wrinkle of sube y baja 'goes up and down')
limpiaparabrisas 'windshield wiper' is a nested compound:^[5] limpia 'make clean' + parabrisas windshield, which is itself a compound of para 'stop' + brisas 'breezes'.

Tamil: In Cemmozhi (Classical Tamil), rules for compounding are laid down in grammars such as Tolkappiyam and Nannūl, in various forms, under the proper name punarcci. Examples of compounds include kopuram from 'kō' (king) + 'puram' (exterior). Sometimes phonemes may exist inserted during the blending process such as in kovil from 'kō' (king) + 'il' (home). Other types are like vennai (butter) from 'veḷḷai' (white) + 'nei' (ghee); note how 'veḷḷai' becomes 'ven'.

In koṭuntamizh (Not-standard Tamil), parts of words from other languages may be morphed into Tamil. Mutual examples include 'ratta-azhuttam' (blood pressure) from the Sanskrit rakta (blood) and Cemmozhi 'azhuttam' (pressure); annotation how rakta becomes ratta in Tamil order to remove the consonant-cluster. This also happens with English, for examples kāpi-kaṭai (coffee store) is from English coffee, which becomes kāpi in Tamil, and the Tamil kaṭai meaning shop.

Tłįchǫ Yatiì/Dogrib:

dlòotsǫ̀ǫ̀ 'peanut butter': dlòo 'squirrel' + tsǫ̀ǫ̀ 'dung'
eyakǫ̀ 'hospital: eya 'sick' + kǫ̀ 'business firm'
dè gotłeè 'kerosene': dè 'country' + gotłeè 'its fat'
dǫ łèt'è 'bannock': dǫ '[Aboriginal] people' + łèt'è 'staff of life'

Germanic languages [edit]

In Germanic languages (including English), compounds are formed by prepending what is finer a namespace (disambiguation context) to the principal word. For example, "football" would be a "ball" in the "foot" context. In itself, this does non alter the significant of the master give-and-take. The added context simply makes it more precise. As such, a "football game" must be understood as a "ball". Notwithstanding, as is the instance with "football", a well established compound word may have gained a special meaning in the language'south vocabulary. Simply this defines "football game" as a particular type of ball (unambiguously the circular object, non the dance party, at that), and also the game involving such a brawl. Another case of special and contradistinct meaning is "starfish" – a starfish is in fact not a fish in modern biology. As well syntactically, the compound give-and-take behaves like the main give-and-take – the whole chemical compound word (or phrase) inherits the word form and inflection rules of the main discussion. That is to say, since "fish" and "shape" are nouns, "starfish" and "star shape" must also exist nouns, and they must take plural forms as "starfish" and "star shapes", definite singular forms as "the starfish" and "the star shape", then on. This principle too holds for languages that limited definiteness past inflection (equally in N Germanic).

Considering a compound is understood every bit a word in its own right, it may in turn be used in new compounds, so forming an arbitrarily long word is picayune. This contrasts to Romance languages, where prepositions are more used to specify word relationships instead of concatenating the words. As a member of the Germanic family of languages, English is unusual in that compounds are normally written in split up parts. This would be an error in other Germanic languages such as Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, German and Dutch. However, this is only an orthographic convention: As in other Germanic languages, arbitrary substantive phrases, for example "girl scout troop", "metropolis council member", and "cellar door", can be fabricated upward on the spot and used as compound nouns in English language too.

Russian language [edit]

In the Russian language compounding is a mutual type of word germination, and several types of compounds exist, both in terms of compounded parts of speech and of the fashion of the formation of a compound.^[6]

Compound nouns may be agglutinative compounds, hyphenated compounds (стол-книга 'folding table', lit. 'table-book', "volume-like tabular array"), or abbreviated compounds (acronyms: колхоз 'kolkhoz'). Some compounds look like acronym, while in fact they are an agglutinations of blazon stem + discussion: Академгородок 'Akademgorodok' (from akademichesky gorodok 'academic hamlet'). In adhesive compound nouns, an agglutinating infix is typically used: пароход 'steamship': пар + о + ход. Compound nouns may be created as noun+noun, describing word + substantive, noun + adjective (rare), noun + verb (or, rather, noun + verbal noun).

Compound adjectives may be formed either per se (бело-розовый 'white-pink') or equally a result of compounding during the derivation of an adjective from a multi-word term: Каменноостровский проспект ([kəmʲɪnnʌʌˈstrovskʲɪj prʌˈspʲɛkt]) 'Stone Island Avenue', a street in St.Petersburg.

Reduplication in Russian is also a source of compounds.

Quite a few Russian words are borrowed from other languages in an already-compounded course, including numerous "classical compounds" or internationalisms: автомобиль 'auto'.

Sanskrit language [edit]

Sanskrit is very rich in compound formation with vii major compound types and as many as 55 sub-types.^[seven] The chemical compound formation process is productive, so it is not possible to list all Sanskrit compounds in a dictionary. Compounds of ii or three words are more frequent, but longer compounds with some running through pages are not rare in Sanskrit literature.^[7] Some examples are below (hyphens below evidence private word boundaries for ease of reading simply are non required in original Sanskrit).

हिमालय (IAST Himālaya, decomposed as hima-ālaya): Name of the Himalaya mountain range. Literally the abode of snow.^[8] A compound of two words and four syllables.
प्रवर-मुकुट-मणि-मरीचि-मञ्जरी-चय-चर्चित-चरण-युगल (IAST pravara-mukuṭa-maṇi-marīci-mañjarī-caya-carcita-caraṇa-yugala): Literally, O the one whose dual feet are covered by the cluster of vivid rays from the gems of the all-time crowns, from the Sanskrit piece of work Panchatantra.^[7] A compound of nine words and 25 syllables.
कमला-कुच-कुङ्कुम-पिञ्जरीकृत-वक्षः-स्थल-विराजित-महा-कौस्तुभ-मणि-मरीचि-माला-निराकृत-त्रि-भुवन-तिमिर (IAST kamalā-kuca-kuṅkuma-piñjarīkṛta-vakṣaḥ-sthala-virājita-mahā-kaustubha-maṇi-marīci-mālā-nirākṛta-tri-bhuvana-timira): Literally O the ane who dispels the darkness of three worlds by the smooth of Kaustubha jewel hanging on the chest, which has been made reddish-yellow by the saffron from the bosom of Kamalā (Lakshmi), an adjective of Rama in the Kakabhushundi Rāmāyaṇa.^[9] A compound of sixteen words and 44 syllables.
साङ्ख्य-योग-न्याय-वैशेषिक-पूर्व-मीमांसा-वेदान्त-नारद-शाण्डिल्य-भक्ति-सूत्र-गीता-वाल्मीकीय-रामायण-भागवतादि-सिद्धान्त-बोध-पुरः-सर-समधिकृताशेष-तुलसी-दास-साहित्य-सौहित्य-स्वाध्याय-प्रवचन-व्याख्यान-परम-प्रवीणाः (IAST sāṅkhya-yoga-nyāya-vaiśeṣika-pūrva-mīmāṃsā-vedānta-nārada-śāṇḍilya-bhakti-sūtra-gītā-vālmīkīya-rāmāyaṇa-bhāgavatādi-siddhānta-bodha-puraḥ-sara-samadhikṛtāśeṣa-tulasī-dāsa-sāhitya-sauhitya-svādhyāya-pravacana-vyākhyāna-parama-pravīṇāḥ): Literally the acclaimed forerunner in understanding of the canons of Sāṅkhya, Yoga, Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, Pūrva Mīmāṃsā, Vedānta, Nārada Bhakti Sūtra, Śāṇḍilya Bhakti Sūtra, Bhagavad Gītā, the Ramayana of Vālmīki, Śrīmadbhāgavata; and the most skilled in comprehensive self-study, discoursing and expounding of the complete works of Gosvāmī Tulasīdāsa.^[ten] An adjective used in a panegyric of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya. The hyphens show only those give-and-take boundaries where at that place is no sandhi. On including word boundaries with sandhi (vedānta=veda-anta, rāmāyaṇa=rāma-ayana, bhāgavatādi=bhāgavata-ādi, siddhānta=siddha-anta, samadhikṛtāśeṣa=samadhikṛta-aśeṣa, svādhyāya=sva-adhyāya), this is a compound of 35 words and 86 syllables.

Sign languages [edit]

Also in sign languages, compounding is a productive word formation process. Both endocentric and exocentric compounds accept been described for a variety of sign languages.^[eleven] Copulative compounds or dvandva, which are composed of two or more nouns from the same semantic category to denote that semantic category, besides occur regularly in many sign languages. The sign for parents in Italian Sign Language, for instance, is a combination of the nouns 'male parent' and 'female parent'. This is an example of a sequential compound; in sign languages, it is also possible to form simultaneous compounds, where ane hand represents one lexeme while the other simultaneously represents another lexeme. An case is the sign for weekend in Sign Language of the Netherlands, which is produced by simultaneously signing a one-handed version of the sign for Saturday and a one-handed version of the sign for Sunday. ^[11]

Recent trends [edit]

Although at that place is no universally agreed-upon guideline regarding the use of chemical compound words in the English language, in recent decades written English has displayed a noticeable tendency towards increased utilise of compounds.^[12] Recently, many words have been made by taking syllables of words and compounding them, such as pixel (motion picture element) and bit (binary digit). This is called a syllabic abbreviation.

In Dutch and the Scandinavian languages there is an unofficial trend toward splitting compound words, known in Norwegian equally særskriving, in Swedish as särskrivning (literally "dissever writing"), and in Dutch as Engelse ziekte (the "English language disease"). Considering the Scandinavian languages rely heavily on the distinction between the compound discussion and the sequence of the split words it consists of, this has serious implications. For instance, the describing word røykfritt (literally "smokefree", meaning no smoking immune) if separated into its composite parts, would mean røyk fritt ("smoke freely"). In Dutch, compounds written with spaces may also exist confused, but can also exist interpreted as a sequence of a substantive and a genitive (which is unmarked in Dutch) in formal abbreviated writing. This may lead to, for example, commissie vergadering ("commission coming together") existence read as "commission of the coming together" rather than "meeting of the commission" (normally spelled commissievergadering).

The German language spelling reform of 1996 introduced the option of hyphenating compound nouns when information technology enhances comprehensibility and readability. This is done mostly with very long compound words by separating them into two or more smaller compounds, similar Eisenbahn-Unterführung (railway underpass) or Kraftfahrzeugs-Betriebsanleitung (car manual). Such exercise is also permitted in other Germanic languages, due east.g. Danish and Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk alike), and is even encouraged between parts of the give-and-take that accept very different pronunciation, such as when one part is a loan word or an acronym.

Compounding by language [edit]

Classical compounds
English compounds
German compounds
Sanskrit compounds

Notes [edit]

^ "Seattle FinnFest '09".
^ R. Pensalfini, Jingulu Grammar, Dictionary and Texts, PhD thesis (MIT, 1992), 138–ix.
^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd Edition, June 2005 s.v.
^ Chiara Melloni, Antonietta Bisetto, "Parasynthetic compounds: data and theory", in Sergio Scalies, Irene Vogel, eds., Cross-Disciplinary Issues in Compounding, ISBN 9789027248275, 2010, p. 199-218
^ "Diccionario De La Lengua Española : limpiaparabrisas". Existent Academia Española. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ Pupil Dictionary of Compound Words of the Russian Language(1978) ISBN 0-8285-5190-i
^ ^a ^b ^c Kumar, Anil; Mittal, Vipul; Kulkarni, Amba (2010). "Sanskrit Chemical compound Processor". In Jha, Girish Nath (ed.). Sanskrit Computational Linguistics: 4th International Symposium, New Delhi, India, December x–12, 2010: Proceedings (Volume 6465 of Lecture Notes in Informatics / Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence Series). Springer. pp. 57–69. ISBN978-3-642-17527-five.
^ Harper, Douglas. "Himalaya". Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2011-07-17 .
^ Kumar, Animesh (May 23, 2007). "Sruti Krta Rama Stuti". Stutimandal.com. Retrieved July ane, 2011.
^ "Virudavali – Jagadguru Rambhadracharya". Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Quer, Josep; Cecchetto, Carlo; Donati, Caterina; Geraci, Carlo, eds. (2017-11-20). "Part 4: Morphology". Sign Gram Blueprint. SignGram Pattern. De Gruyter. pp. 163–270. doi:10.1515/9781501511806-009. ISBN9781501511806 . Retrieved 2019-02-xix .
^ Sedivy, Julie (2017-eleven-16). "The Rise and Fall of the English language Judgement". Nautilus . Retrieved 2020-08-02 .

References [edit]

Kortmann, Bernd: English language Linguistics: Essentials, Cornelsen, Berlin 2005.
The Oxford Handbook of Compounding, eds. Lieber, Rochelle & Pavol Štekauer, 2009. Oxford: Oxford University Printing.
Plag, Ingo: Word-formation in English, Cambridge University Printing, Cambridge 2003.
Scalise Sergio & Irene Vogel (eds.) (2010), Cross-Disciplinary Issues in Compounding, Amsterdam, Benjamins.

External links [edit]

Chemical compound Words: When to Hyphenate

davistheninver.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)